There are over 80 conditions (i) that have been identified as primary immunodeficiencies (PID). These often present in the form of 'ordinary' infections, which are treated by physicians who often miss the underlying cause. This allows the illnesses to recur and leaves the patient vulnerable to vital organ damage, physical disability, and even death (ii). Research has estimated that average diagnostic delays range from 2 to 5 years (iii) (iv).

According to Chris Hughan, Chief Executive of the Primary Immunodeficiency Association (PIA), and member of the Campaign Advisory Group:

Often patients are initially referred to ENT, respiratory and paediatrics. Immunology is a very complex area of medicine. Diagnosis of PID by these specialties has therefore been difficult.